Authors he read include the poet Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock and writers associated with the Enlightenment, such as Christian Garve and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. In 1776, he entered Stuttgart's Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium and during his adolescence read voraciously, copying lengthy extracts in his diary. When he entered the Latin School two years later, he already knew the first declension, having been taught it by his mother. At the age of three, Hegel went to the German School. Hegel had a sister, Christiane Luise (1773–1832) and a brother, Georg Ludwig (1776–1812), who perished as an officer during Napoleon's 1812 Russian campaign. Hegel and his father also caught the disease, but they narrowly survived. She died of bilious fever when Hegel was thirteen. Hegel's mother, Maria Magdalena Louisa (née Fromm), was the daughter of a lawyer at the High Court of Justice at the Württemberg court. His father, Georg Ludwig, was secretary to the revenue office at the court of Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg. Christened Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, he was known as Wilhelm to his close family. Hegel was born on 27 August 1770 in Stuttgart, capital of the Duchy of Württemberg in southwestern Germany. Life Formative years Stuttgart, Tübingen, Berne, Frankfurt (1770–1800) The birthplace of Hegel in Stuttgart, which now houses the Hegel Museum He asserts that the Logic at once preserves and overcomes the dualisms of the material and the mental – that is, it accounts for both the continuity and difference marking of the domains of nature and culture – as a metaphysically necessary and coherent "identity of identity and non-identity." Guided by the Delphic imperative to " know thyself," Hegel presents free self-determination as the essence of humankind – a conclusion from his 1806–07 Phenomenology that he claims is further verified by the systematic account of the interdependence of logic, nature, and spirit in his later Encyclopedia. Taking skepticism seriously, he contends that we cannot presume any truths that have not passed the test of experience even the a priori categories of the Logic must attain their "verification" in the natural world and the historical accomplishments of humankind. His dialectical-speculative procedure is grounded in the principle of immanence, that is, in assessing claims always according to their own internal criteria. Hegel everywhere insists that reason and freedom are historical achievements, not natural givens. Throughout his work, Hegel strove to address and correct the problematic dualisms of modern philosophy, Kantian and otherwise, typically by drawing upon the resources of ancient philosophy, particularly Aristotle. His fame rests chiefly upon The Phenomenology of Spirit, The Science of Logic, his teleological account of history, and his lectures at the University of Berlin on topics from his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences. His influence extends across the entire range of contemporary philosophical topics, from metaphysical issues in epistemology and ontology, to political philosophy, the philosophy of history, philosophy of art, philosophy of religion, and the history of philosophy.īorn in 1770 in Stuttgart, Holy Roman Empire, during the transitional period between the Enlightenment and the Romantic movement in the Germanic regions of Europe, Hegel lived through and was influenced by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ( / ˈ h eɪ ɡ əl/ German: 27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher and one of the most influential figures of German idealism and 19th-century philosophy. Aristotle, Böhme, Fichte, Herder, Hölderlin, Kant, Plato, Rousseau, Schelling, Smith, Spinoza,.
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